By Matthew Hersh, J.D.
Although the statute is silent on the point, district courts in New York and now California agree on the legal proposition.
The protections of the Visual Artists Rights Act do not apply to works of art that are permanently fixed in a building structur ...
By Matthew Hersh, J.D.
Although the statute is silent on the point, district courts in New York and now California agree on the legal proposition.
The protections of the Visual Artists Rights Act do not apply to works of art that are permanently fixed in a building structure unless the artist has obtained consent of the building owner to install the artwork in the first place, the federal district court in San Francisco has held. The court, dismissing the claim by a group of artists whose work was removed from the former site of one of the city’s most celebrated gay bars, explained that the rule was dictated by common sense as well as by strong inference from the statute (Canilao v. City Commercial Investments, LLC, July 11, 2022, Chen, E.).
The case arose after the 2020 closure, due to the pandemic shutdown, of The Stud, described in an article on its memorial website as San Francisco’s oldest LGBT bar. Later that year, the owner of the structure that had housed the bar, City Commercial Investments, LLC, whitewashed over a series of large-scale murals on the building exterior.
The six artists who had painted the murals sued the building owner under the Visual Artists Rights Act, or VARA. They alleged that the process of creating the murals, which were painted in 2017, “became a community celebration as many generations of queers, elders and youth, from all walks of life, came out to visit and cheer the artists on.” The LBGTQ community, they alleged, “venerated the murals and saw them as an important symbol of refuge.”
The building owner moved to dismiss on subject matter jurisdictional grounds, leading to this opinion.
Subject matter jurisdiction. The court dismissed the claim, albeit with leave to replead. The court’s analysis proceeded in two steps.
The court first held that as a matter of law, the artist who installs a nonremovable—as opposed to removable—work of art cannot claim the protection of VARA unless the artist has received the consent of the building owner first. The court acknowledged that this was not stated expressly in the statute. But it had been the conclusion of an earlier opinion from the federal district court in Manhattan, the court noted, as well as by a California court interpreting an analogous moral rights provision under that state’s law. Moreover, the court noted, the conclusion was logically compelled as well. Importantly, the court noted, the VARA statute gives building owners the right to seek an artist’s written consent to remove works of art that were permanently installed. But how could a building owner seek written consent if it was unaware that the artwork was even being installed? If the artists’ arguments were correct, the court noted, “the VARA would create an incentive for an artist to secretly install unsanctioned, non-removable artwork without the permission of a building owner—likely in violation of trespass and vandalism laws—in order to make it impossible for a building owner to negotiate a VARA waiver with the artist and to preclude the building own from removing the work.”
Second, the court reasoned, the artists did not have the consent of the building owner to install the murals. The artists conceded that they did not have the consent of the building owner directly. However, they argued that they had consent from the owners of the bar, and that the bar owner acted with “apparent authority” of the landlord in giving them that consent. To be sure, the court noted, the traditional agency of apparent authority could be read into the VARA statute. But there was no such apparent authority here, the court concluded, as the complaint was “devoid of any allegations” as to the bar owner’s manifestation of its role as an agent of the building owner. Nor was there any plausible allegation in the complaint, the court noted, that the building owner ratified the bar owner’s agency after the fact.
Finally, the court noted, the complaint did not adequately allege that the mural was in fact removable and thus protected from the consent requirement. The complaint alleged only that the murals were built on wood and that portions of the murals could have been “saved, preserved or moved.” But it was not clear from the complaint, the court noted, whether the artists were alleging that the work could have been removed without demolition of the building or only that the artwork could have been salvaged after the demolition. Thus, this allegation could not save the claim from dismissal, although a subsequent repleading might cure the defect.
Preemption of state law claim. The court also dismissed the artists’ claim under the California Arts Preservation Act, or CAPA, finding that it was preempted by the VARA. The main question here was whether the rights the artists asserted under the CAPA were essentially equivalent to the rights protected by the federal statute. The court found that they were. Indeed, the artists expressly asserted that their claim under CAPA “seeks to vindicate their rights of integrity in their work,” the court noted—rights that “appear to be equivalent, if not identical, as the right of integrity contained in the VARA.” Thus, the claim was preempted.
The Case is No. 3:20-cv-08030-EMC.
Attorneys: David Alden Erikson (Erikson Law Group) for Monica Canilao, Zarathustra Wesolowski and Ellery Bakaitis. James Scott Donald (Spinelli, Donald & Nott, APC) for City Commercial Investments, LLC.
Companies: City Commercial Investments, LLC
MainStory: TopStory Copyright CaliforniaNews GCNNews
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